星期三, 7月 26, 2006

關於權力

近日,「權力」這詞彙在心中繚繞不去,雖然可能沒有什麼結果,但也是時候整理一下吧。


1. 君王

中學階段,我們只有機會讀儒道墨法,說起權力,想到的當然是法家,這家為權力添不少可怕的面相。

韓非說人主如天道,無言、無喜惡、無為,這樣,在下的不能揣度其意,人主就能聽其言、責其行,看清楚臣下的真面目;操殺與賞二柄,不要假手於人,自能控制一切;因利害所在,雖妻、子亦不能信,信人則受制於人。《韓非》〈人主〉〈二柄〉〈備內〉


2. 新君王

在韓非的時代,人君一日仍在,權力就沒有所謂合法的轉移,所以沒有連任的問題,如果君主想維持自己死後的影響力,法家的理論亦似乎探討得未夠遠;二十世紀的哲學家亦提出,權力在經濟、在傳媒、在學校、在意識形態……蔡子強的《新君王論》也說了不少領袖宣傳自己的方法,所以,今日的領導者也是被統治者,賞殺二柄亦無所把持;韓非亦不會知道相互信任在今日講求民主的社會多重要。

今日的「新君王」又是怎樣一回事呢?


3. 如果你可以命令別人做任何事,你會發一個怎樣的命令?

法家以後,我們仍有很多「權術」,但權術為權,權為權術,如果權力不是終極的價值,後面還有什麼?批判一切權力的福柯Foucault似乎沒有在這方面回應。人為何想要權力呢?九型人格的八號仔追求權力,因為最怕受人操縱,但權力增多、責任亦增多,以一個良心健康的人而言,個人的自由不會因為作領導者而增加的。

所以,吊詭的是,權力為的是別人的自由。傅士德Richard Foster指出權力分兩種,一是破壞性的權力,一是創造性的權力,創造性的權力帶來自由不是桎梏、生命不是死亡、更新變化不是強制威迫。他舉約瑟為例子,約瑟被兄長賣為奴隸,後來擢升至當時最強國家裏大有影響力的宰相,他用權力和智慧防止了一次災難性的饑荒,兄弟們不知他的身份來買糧,他面臨權力的最高考驗,本來那是最好的報復機會,但約瑟卻用他的權力與兄弟復和。傅士德還針對不同的處境解說權力:

「在個人方面,權力是用以促進自我控制,而不是自我放縱。」

「在家中,權力是用以培植信心,而不是屈從。」

「在婚姻上,權力是用以增強溝通,而不是隔離。」

「在教會中,權力是用以激發信心,而不是一致。」

「在學校中,權力是用以培養成長,而不是令人自卑。」

「在職業中,權力是用以幫助人更能勝任愉快,而不是加深人那種力不從心的感受。」
《基督徒看「權勢」》

如果有權命令人做任何事,我會發出什麼命令?
我需要什麼特質去好好回應這問題?
道德?遠見?耐性?還有什麼呢?


4. 準備好做一個領袖……?不—僕人才對。

似乎各地不同的領袖,無論宣傳或造勢,傳意的內涵都是遠見、能力與服事的心。Robert Greenleaf格林里夫在《僕人領導學》特別強調服事:

「領導者首先必須是僕人,開始是一個人自然地流露出想要服務大眾,以服務為優先;然後,理性地選擇想要成為領導者。這和一個人原本就是領導者,或許他是想要奪取權力或想擁有物質財產,而有所不同。後者在鞏固領導權力之後才會想到服務人群。原先就是領導者或者原先就是僕人是二種不同的類型。

它們之間的差異在於原先就是僕人的人會優先考慮其他人的需要。最佳的測試方法、但難於量度的是,這些被服務者是否有所成長呢?他們接受服務之後,是否變得更健康、更聰明、更自由、更自動自發、更可能成為僕人呢?對於社會上最弱勢者的影響是什麼呢?他們有沒有受益,或者,至少他們沒有進一步被剝削呢?」

之後,格林里夫說領導者的其他特質:要「挺身而出」;「必須有夢」;「以傾聽的方式找到問題,用內在直覺解決問題」;運用「語言與想像力」說令人明白與接受的話;「有分辨事情輕重緩急的能力」/ 懂得靜思;「永遠要具有同理心,永遠接受他人」;「先知先覺」和有「遠見」;有良好認知與理解能力。

服事大過得到權力,當理性告訴你現時應當由你做領袖才「挺身而出」,真有點像耶穌說「凡要救自己生命的,必喪掉生命;凡為我喪掉生命的,必得著生命」那麼令人難以接受,對嗎?


想得有點累了,看的人也覺得累吧(如果有人看的話)……


權力是應該被尊重的,我要記著,千萬不要用權力去貶抑人。

星期三, 7月 12, 2006

公司的靈魂

C.William Pollard, The Soul of the Firm, (Michigan: The ServiceMaster Foundation, 1996)

上年讀書時老師建議我們看的一本書,一個公司主席C. William Pollard, Chairman of the Service Master Company寫自己的管理哲學。

他認為人不只是一雙手,管理亦不是操縱的遊戲:
p.26
What is happening to the person in the process? Is she developing and growing as a whole person? Or is management just a game of manipulation that will accomplish a series of tasks for a profit, with a gain going to a few at the top and with an atroply of the soul of the person producing the results?

他說忠誠是雙方的,領導者要聆聽、關注、讓下屬有發展與成長的機會;
pp.29-30
How do you get people to take initiative, to grow and develop, to treat company as if it were theirs? Obviously, you have to provide a compensation package that is fair and competitive, but any firm can do that. You also have to pay attention.
They have grown and developed in what they have accomplished and in who they are becoming because leadership listened, identified potential, and that acted.

這樣的領導會帶來倍增的效果,其他人也樂於將自己投資於別人的成長:
p.31
This is all part of the duplication and reproduction process that occurs when the value and worth of individuals are identified and those individuals learn the joy and excitement of investing themselves in the development of others.

p.33
Commitment works both ways. Along with the commitment of the individual to the firm, there also must be the commitment of the firm to the individual-a commitment that continues to provide opportunity, understanding, and growth.

他珍惜多元,重視表現與潛質,但認為公司仍要有所堅持:
p.36
When the banner of diversity is waved for group power or retribution or for an ideology built around ethnicity, gender, or any other specific difference, the firm no longer works.
One of our principles of leadership at ServiceMaster is that we pay based on performance and promote based on potential.

他有五個決策守則去維護團隊,我覺得是全書精華所在
pp.41-42
¨ Truth cannot be compromised.
¨ Everyone has a job to do, and no one should benefit at the expense of another.
¨ We should treat everyone with dignity and worth.
¨ Our combined efforts are for the benefit of our owners, members, and customers, and not for some select group.
¨ We must always be willing to serve.
People who choose not to embrace or implement these values in their work take away from the combined efforts of the firm. This form of diversity is not needed or wanted.

他鼓勵員工帶家人到工作間,亦在各項決策上兼顧顧客、公司、員工,與他們的家庭:
p.62
“Your most important responsibility here is to people, and that starts with your family.” With that simple statement, he reminded Dick that, as a leader in a firm that values the individual, he would have the continuing challenge of making his business and his family work together.

他勇於認錯,言行一致:
p.66
We have made both good and bad choices. But because of our standard, we cannot hide our mistakes.
As we seek to understand and apply a cause for our work, our desire is not to be known for what we know but for what we do. We must be people of integrity seeking to do that which we is right even no one is looking and staying committed whether the test is adversity or prosperity.

價值由員工的成長、產品或服務的生產、群體合作的價值三方面去衡量:
p. 70
As I noted earlier, it is within the context of the firm that people produce value-value measured in who they are becoming, value measured in what they are producing, and value measured in the worth of their combined efforts
.


他的公司會讓員工的家人列席會議,也設”WE SERVE DAY”讓各級員工去前線(清潔/保安)工作一天。

管理的意念可以是老生常談,但具體實行的方法最耐人尋味。
寫於1996年,至今已有十年,書中的理念未必繼續新鮮,做法亦未必可以照搬,寶貴的是一個踐信於行的故事。我不知ServiceMaster今天變成什麼樣子,亦不知故事的另一面是怎樣,但至少,曾經有二十多年的時間,她是一間增長迅速、盈利可觀,又公開自己的宗旨是「榮神立人」(To honor God in all we do, and To help people develop)的公司。


延伸閱讀

1. The Soul of the Firm書介http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0310234875/104-2642583-3794311?v=glance&n=283155

2. ServiceMaster網址http://www.servicemaster.com/homepage.dsp